The Day For Day Lives Of Homeless Youth And Observes The...

According to Finkelstein, she states; â€Å"An estimation of 500,000 to 1.5 million youth in America run away from or are kicked out of their homes† (Introduction, P.2). In this book, Finkelstein explores the day-to-day lives of homeless youth and observes the world under their viewpoint and position. She studied a sample of 50 children from the East Village of New York, around Tompkins Square Park, East River Park, and the nearby locales. The researcher conducted her fieldwork throughout two successive summers, as in the view of the fact that the street kids usually travel to New York in the summer time. The author provides the readers an understanding of their lives by virtue of ethnographic interviews and observations, which carries as a fundamental verified of information and help combine numerous perspectives. Finkelstein offered a broad picture and knowledge of the street kids by aiming to assist social services institutions to deal with this predominantly disregarded po pulation. As mentioned earlier, the researcher used ethnographic interviews and participant observation to gain information from the street kids. Nevertheless, the author states that her first duty in the field was to satisfy the youth that she was a researcher doing a study for academic reasons. She had to persistently reassure the children that she was not a journalist or a filmmaker or any type of professional who was using them to make money or gain fame. Indeed, after establishing her specification asShow MoreRelatedThe Los Angeles Lgbt Youth Center1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe Los Angeles LGBT Youth Center serves the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. Their mission is to build a world where LGBT people thrive as healthy, equal and complete members of society. They value respect, excellence, inclusiveness, innovation, and integrity. The services that are offered by the Los Angeles LGBT Youth Center is housing, breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, clothing and laun dry services, education program, HIV testing and counseling, employment program, computer labRead MoreHSCO 500 Research Paper3620 Words   |  15 Pageshas shown that teen homeless across America is ongoing and impacts youth of all cultures and backgrounds. There are millions of youth that are homeless in the United States. The typical ages of homeless youth are eighteen and younger. In America the average youth becomes homeless by age fourteen (www.safehorizon.com). Youth can become homeless for a number of reasons e.g. finances, verbal and physical abuse, pregnancy, sexual orientation, mental illness and neglect. Many youth and young adults haveRead MoreHomelessness And Poverty And Homelessness1699 Words   |  7 PagesImagine a world where it is illegal to sit down. 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Most people coming from a higher income status would be uncomfortable and appalled by the events that take place in my community. I stress over getting a higher education because I have hope. I have hope that one day, I will be able to put an end to my peoples’ suffering. I have no idea of when or how, but I do believe that working through school, I can develop the necessary social skills needed to guide my community in a better direction. One profession that workRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Form Of Modern Day Slavery1568 Words   |  7 PagesMod ern Times Slaves Human trafficking is a form of modern day slavery where its perpetrators profit from control, exploitation, coercion and defrauding of others through forced labor, or sexual exploitation and in some cases both. Sexual exploitation is the most prevalent form of human trafficking especially in the United States. Even though accurate statistics are rare in this field, those currently existing approximate that massive numbers of women and girls are sold for sexual exploitation withinRead MoreThe Call : Modern Day Pilgrims1781 Words   |  8 PagesMain article: Heeding the Call: Modern-Day Pilgrims Following in footsteps, spreading kindness, and protecting heritage. By Helen Avery There are the tourists—those who seek temporary relaxation, or famous sights. There are the travelers—those who wander, without aim, for the love of moving. There are the explorers—those seeking adventure, the thrill of unearthing things rarely seen. And then there are the pilgrims. The traditional pilgrim is someone who surrenders the life they once knew to

Preparing for Academic Success at the Graduate Level

Preparing for Academic Success at the Graduate Level Monica Stracuzza COM/600 September 15, 2014 Gracie Aguilera Characteristics of Graduate Writing Writing at the graduate level is a significant part of a students coursework when entering into a Masters program. Throughout a persons college career, they have written many papers in their undergraduate studies, but writing papers at a graduate level differs from previous styles of writing. There are very distinct characteristics in graduate writing. Following the rules of graduate writing correctly, makes for a clear and precise paper; grabbing the audiences attention, and making the point of the paper undeniable to the reader, while using facts†¦show more content†¦The information should be organized in a logical manner so that the writer can build their case around the original thesis. Organizing a paper correctly results in a fluid flow from section to section, making the transitions easy to follow. Connecting the paper as a whole and any details, examples, or specifics will logically develop the central idea of the paper. A graduate level writer will also possess the ability to interpret the material, which entails the ability to decipher between an analysis and synthesis, and then chooses one or the other. The synthesis is a combination of the idea that leads to a theory, and analysis is the separation and breakdown of these elements. Writing Strengths and Weaknesses When writing a paper, everyone has strengths and weaknesses. My personal strengths that I believe I possess are editing, free-writing, and organization. My grammar skills are not weak, but there is room for improvement. One of my biggest weaknesses in writing graduate papers is APA formatting. Although I have not had any issues with plagiarism, I have trouble with properly citing source specifics from books to articles, to web pages, and magazines. I will work on improving all my weakness, and fine tuning my strengths because while I believe I possess the ability to write naturally, writing within guidelines is something learned. Managing Time, Stress, and Finding Balance The process ofShow MoreRelatedPreparing for academic success at a graduate level1139 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Preparing for Academic Success at the Graduate Level COM/600 Preparing for Academic Success at the Graduate Level Having academic success is what a person strives for as they first pursue a collegiate education especially at a graduate level. But there are instances when the journey is first pursued that many students may feel intimidated by responsibilities, preparedness, and the confinement of certain codes and rules set up by how an instructor may grade and the format a student writesRead MorePreparing for Academic Success at Graduate Level Essay1437 Words   |  6 PagesPreparing For Academic Success at the Graduate Level University of Phoenix COM/600 Renee Lemieux 10/26/2014 Preparing for Academic Success at the Academic Level Being successful academically is what students devote their time and efforts to while pursuing a collegiate education at the graduate level. Many find it hard and frustrating to take on such a responsibility at this level because of certain standards of writing, and the time management needed to stay focused on your writing. BecomingRead MoreAcademic Learning Problems Developing From The Stress1661 Words   |  7 Pagesthis growing issue, parents and schools need to better prepare their graduates for what they will face in higher education schools by implementing college preparatory classes into senior year and colleges supplying higher numbers of academic and financial advisers. With a better understanding of what they are about to face, students can be smarter about the choices they make. Problem: New college students are reporting many academic learning problems developing from the stress they face on a daily basisRead MoreEssay On Digital Assistant944 Words   |  4 PagesStudents primarily rely on professors and academic advisors to recommend a class schedule to them each semester. On the student side, it is assumed that this recommended schedule is moving them toward graduation while preparing them for career success. 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In the article â€Å"Recommendations for Writing Successful Grant Proposals: An Information Synthesis,† Wisdom, Riley, and Myer (2015) â€Å"applied standard information synthesis procedures for sifting abstracts, scrutinizing full texts, and abstracting data† to provide ten recommendations for â€Å"promoting faculty grant proposal success in academic medicalRead MoreSuccess at the Graduate Level Essay1206 Words   |  5 PagesSuccess at the Graduate Level COM 505 June 11, 2012 Preparing for Success at the Graduate Level Preparing for academic success at the graduate level can be a daunting task. First, one must realize the reason they are in a graduate program to begin with. What goals do you hope to achieve in completing a graduate program? The reasons can be many such as better job opportunities, higher income, or perhaps just for the prestige of earning a graduate degree. Other reasons could include settingRead MoreIntroduction. Historically Black Colleges And Universities1300 Words   |  6 Pagesqualified minority graduates. Moreover, HBCU’s are looking to refine their methods of inclusion and buy-in, this will in-turn manifest a higher level of retention amongst first generation college students. Problem Statement and Evidence from Research HBCUs serve student populations that include underprepared students, low socio-economic students, and first generation college students. This problem is complex. HBCUs are now under great pressure to enroll, retain, and graduate students that are wellRead MoreLife During College And After College1468 Words   |  6 Pagesinto young adults while college graduates are preparing for the real world. These young grown-ups are now responsible of their own health, school life, and financial condition (Civitci Civitci, 2015). During college, most students worry about maintaining a social life while keeping grade point average up. Along with those who graduate college, struggle to find stability. To get a better understanding about the factors that contribute to success in graduates, and undergrads, a correlationalRead MoreThe Effect Of High Rigor Coursework On Indicators Of Postsecondary Success1469 Words   |  6 PagesPreparing High School Students for College: An exploratory study of the impact of high rigor coursework on indicators of postsecondary success Overview and purpose of the project: The current study examined participation in a rigorous high school curriculum and the corresponding outcomes related to college enrollment, persistence, and graduation. Because participation in high rigor college preparatory courses is related to college success, it is expected that students participating in courses with

Standards on Auditing Disclosures free essay sample

Low Company – Standards on Auditing Disclosures Memo –Low Company List of Relevant Authorities AU 504, AU 9504: Association with Financial Statements Purpose Should a CPA audit major fluctuations in the fourth quarter of the financial statement made by a publicly traded company after they are disclosed in the company’s annual financial statement notes? Issue Aaron Jones, CPA, is auditing the current year’s financial statements of Low Company, a publicly traded company. Aaron notices some major fluctuations in Low’s fourth quarter of the previous year’s financial statement balances. He is aware that security holders of publicly traded company stock that does not separately report fourth quarter results often â€Å"impute† such results by subtracting data based on third quarter interim balances from the year-end balances. Thus, companies should report such significant events as disposals of segments and other unusual items for that quarter as a note to the annual financial statements. We will write a custom essay sample on Standards on Auditing Disclosures or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aaron notices that Low makes such disclosures, but is unsure if his firm should audit these additional, supplementary disclosures (Module 6 Audit, Case 4). Information In accordance to AICPA Statement on Auditing Standards, AU 9504. 1, after the disclosure of any adjustments made about the interim financial data are noted on the annual report financial statement, the auditor does not have any obligation to audit the interim data. Unless the auditor has been specifically called to do so, he or she does not need to audit the data after auditing the annual financial statements. Thus, Aaron Jones, CPA, does not need to audit the supplementary disclosures made in regards to the major fluctuations in the Low Company’s fourth quarter or the previous year’s financial statement balances. Conclusion All in all, Jones’s firm has no obligation to audit the additional, supplementary disclosures, unless told otherwise. References: AU 9504. AICPA Statement on Auditing Standards. Retrieved on March 13, 2013 from: http://www. aicpa. org/research/standards/auditattest/pages/sas. aspx

Nurse-Patient Relationship Essay Example

Nurse-Patient Relationship Essay Running head: Nurse-Patient Relationship 1 Nurse-Patient Relationship as a caring relationship Abra Nayo Central Connecticut State University Nursing 110-01: Introduction to Nursing Theories Dr. Linda Wagner November 28, 2011 Nurse-patient relationship as a caring relationship 2 The nurse-patient relationship is central to patient satisfaction and sets a tone of the care experience. Nurses are the health care professionals that spends the most time with the patients. By analyzing and understanding the factors that have the greatest impact on overall patient satisfaction, nurses can aim, and can focus their efforts, energies, and resources on improvements with the greatest potential to enhance the patients experience. There are many principles that nurses should use to build a healthy, careful balance of trust, and professional respect with the patients. However, there are also benefits as well as challenges to developing nurse-patient relationship. Ellen Meeropol(2011) in House Arrest, a captivating, and compelling fiction book, examines an unlikely relationship between two woman who , on the surface, could not be more different. Pippa is pregnant and under house arrest for the death of her daughter , and Emily is the nurse assigned to manage Pippa’s prenatal care. As the story unfolds Meeropol uses her twenty-year nursing expertise to describe the relationship of the two women. The question is what is that particular, purposeful relationship that nurse and patient sometimes partake? We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse-Patient Relationship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse-Patient Relationship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse-Patient Relationship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This paper will examine the nurse-patient relationship, showing the positive and the most challenging elements so that there can be a deeper understanding and admiration for patients and the impact on the nurse and the patients. The nurse-patient relationship is first based on caring relationship. It is a nurse’s job to care a patient’s medical needs. However, caring for their emotional well-being can also have just as beneficial an impact on patient care. The relationship between nurse and patient requires trust, as well as understanding . For a patient to disclose private or embarrassing details about their physical or mental condition, they need to trust that the nurse will treat them with dignity and respect. Furthermore, patients will only follow the advice of their nurse if they trust in his or her Nurse-patient relationship as a caring relationship professional opinion. This careful balance of trust and professional respect is one of the founding principle for a healthy and respectful nurse-patient relationship. Also, the nurse-patient relationship demonstrates an imbalance of power. Indeed, the nurse has a more extensive knowledge base in terms of care and treatment options. The patient might rely on their nurse and other health care professionals to advise them of the best treatment options for their needs. As a result , there can be unintended power struggle. The nurse , feeling he or she knows what is the best for the patient, can unwittingly influencing a patient to choose the best course of care is important for patient participation, nurses must learn to walk a fine line between influence and assuming control.

Learn More About Bilateral Symmetry

Learn More About Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral symmetry is the arrangement of an organisms body parts into left and right halves on either side of a central axis, or plane. Essentially, if you draw a line from the head to the tail of an organism or a plane both sides are mirror images. In that case, the organism exhibits bilateral symmetry. Bilateral symmetry is also known as plane symmetry as one plane divides an organism into mirrored halves. The term bilateral has roots in Latin with bis  (two) and  latus  (side). The word symmetry is derived from the Greek words  syn  (together) and  metron  (meter). Most animals on the planet exhibit bilateral symmetry. This includes human beings, as our bodies can be cut down the middle and have mirrored sides. In the marine biology field, many students will study this when they begin learning about classifying marine life. Bilateral vs. Radial Symmetry Bilateral symmetry differs from radial symmetry. In that case, the radially symmetric organisms are similar to a pie shape, where each piece is nearly identical though they do not have left or right sides; instead, they have a top and bottom surface. Organisms that exhibit radial symmetry include aquatic cnidarians, including corals. It also includes jellyfish and sea anemones. Dchinoderms  are another group that includes sand dollars, sea urchins, and starfish; meaning they have a five-point radial symmetry.   Traits of Bilaterally Symmetrical Organisms Organisms that are bilaterally symmetrical demonstrate a head and a tail (anterior and posterior) regions, a top and a bottom (dorsal and ventral), as well as left and right sides. Most of these animals have a complex brain in their heads, which are part of their nervous systems. Typically, they move more quickly than animals that do not demonstrate bilateral symmetry. They also tend to have improved eyesight and hearing capabilities compared to those that have radial symmetry. Mostly all marine organisms,  including all vertebrates  and some invertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical. This includes marine mammals such as dolphins and whales, fish, lobsters, and sea turtles. Interestingly, some animals have one type of body symmetry when they are first life forms, but they develop differently as they grow.   There is one marine animal that does not display symmetry at all: Sponges. These organisms are multicellular but are the only classification of animals that are asymmetrical. They do not show any symmetry at all. That means there is no place in their bodies where you could drive a plane into cut them in half and see mirrored images.

Top Training Companies for New Truckers

Top Training Companies for New Truckers Listen up, new and inexperienced drivers! If you can’t wait to get behind the wheel of a truck and start earning a paycheck as a professional driver, then keep reading! RJ Trucker Blog has some no-nonsense advice for getting yourself road-ready and employed in no time- including some top picks for company-sponsored training! Are you worried that your lack of training or experience will make it impossible for you to get started? Don’t be! There are plenty of companies that have sponsored training programs- you can get trained and hired all at once! This includes either company-subsidized training or training hosted by the company itself, often in return for work for a specified length of time or some repayment arrangement, or both.Here’s a list of some top trucking companies that offer sponsored CDL training:U.S. Xpress, Inc.Schneider NationalKLLM Transportation ServicesBaylor TruckingCrete Carrier Corp.Werner EnterprisesJB HuntTMC TransportationPrime IncMaverick TransportationGordon Trucking, Inc.Con-way TruckloadCovenant TransportShaffer TruckingAll of the companies on this list are well known and have solid reputations, but don’t forget- you should still do your research when choosing the one that’s best for you. Company-sponsored training can be fast, easy, and free you from upfront costs, but be certain that the specific terms in the agreement are acceptable before signing on. Make sure you choose a good company that offers thorough training and reasonable work hours at an acceptable wage!

Business #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business #3 - Essay Example The development of a comfortable working environment as well as the awarding of bonuses on a regular basis for work well done is means of not only containing costs, but also motivating employees. The need to be fair and consistent helps to build the trust of workers and this in such a way that it ensures that the latter are encouraged being more productive. Fairness also helps to build worker confidence on management and this confidence often translates to greater output. However, among the threats related to being fair and consistent is that there are times when workers might not take management seriously or might resist changes that need to be implemented. Future employees must have the necessary educational background to carry out tasks within the company. This background should be accompanied by at least five years’ experience because it allows for greater understanding. Finally, employees should have proven that they are skilled enough to function within a business environment without making major mistakes. Hiring should involve recruiting on a full-time basis because this allows for greater access to knowledge concerning the individuals over time. Furthermore, full-time employees often work better as teams (Hyland, 2013). Finally, full-time employees often develop a sense of loyalty to the company. Potential employees can be found through advertising vacant positions. In addition, finding potential employees can be done through word of mouth. Finally, there are situations where individuals tend to look for jobs themselves and they might land a job in the process. Diversity can be achieved through ensuring that there is some form of gender and ethnic balance within the work force (Tatli and Ozbilgin, 2009). It is also essential for management to ensure that employees are not discriminated against based on religion; the latter should be treated equally. Finally, all forms of

Quality Management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Quality Management - Article Example The onus is mainly on learners to furnish the required information in the templates after each unit based on the Read and Analyze Activity. After filling the information in the template they need to e-mail it back to the e-Tutor. The article titled â€Å"Towards a Better Understanding of Quality† by Hardie & Walsh (1994), gives an overview about the notion of quality management from a modern day perspective, elaborating on different theories. Discussion of the article initially emphasizes the traditional differences between qualities preferred and the actual quality outcomes. In subsequence, the article elaborates that with the implementation of the new methods, certain relationships could be identified among the different states of conditions, which has been referred with relation to (1) â€Å"how things ought to be† and (2) â€Å"how things are†. To be noted in this regards, the article successfully details out the quality relations among the different states and assists in understanding the common witnessed quality issues that impose strong impressions on the performance of an organization. Correspondingly, the article clearly diagnoses the quality problem faced in different states, p roviding a framework of the quality relations (Hardie & Walsh, 1994). The key learning points of the article can be identified with reference to the findings inferred by the authors. To be noted in this regards, the differences of the quality relations of the two states of â€Å"how things ought to be† and â€Å"how things are†, form the common base of arguments in various theories concerning quality management. As noted in the article, the issues regarding quality aspects, prevailing in an organization, can be identified in terms of the gaps persisting between the two states mentioned above. However, with the gradual introduction of new and more elaborated definitions of quality, several quality relations

The interpretation that Lenin was a dictator Essay Example for Free

The interpretation that Lenin was a dictator Essay Historians such as Pipes and Volkogonov have made the interpretation that Lenin was a dictator. As he adopted policies such as War Communism and the establishment of the Cheka. However their historical accounts can be challenged, due to their personal opinions. Other historians, such as Hill, believe that Lenin was not a dictator, as his policies were imposed on him by the Russian circumstances. Thus Lenin was not a dictator, as he was merely responding to the harsh Russian circumstances and was able to adopt flexible policies such as NEP. Lenin has been seen as a dictator through his centralisation of the state by 1924. This is because a centralised one-party dictatorship governed Soviet Russia. The Politburo became the Bolshevik organisation, which dominated government institutions and the main decision-making. Also Lenins decision to form an entirely new body of government, the Sovnakom, while the Soviet existed and should have been made as the main body of government, showed that Lenin had no intention of sharing power with other socialist groups in the Soviet. The Sovnakom ruled by decree without going to the Soviet for approval. Thus the centralisation of the state in Russia can be seen as dictatorial as it limited the political influence of other political groups, while it strengthened the authority of the Bolshevik, through the establishment of Sovnakom, which Lenin chaired. Pipes is one of the Historians who believe that the centralisation of power had allowed Lenin to create a one-party dictatorship1, as Lenins party was a precursor of a new type of political organisation that would be emulated before long by mass-based dictators2. Thus this historian is suggesting that Lenin creation of the Sovnakom, allowed his party to rule Russia through dictatorial means. This opinion is to an extent true, as the creation of the Sovnakom showed that the main decision making was taken by the Bolshevik centre with little account taken of other political viewpoints. However, Pipes historical account can not be held reliable, mainly for his personal views on Lenin and Communism, and also on the fact that there were circumstances outside Lenins control that forced him to use the Sovnakom rather than working effectively with the Central Executive Committee, such as the Civil War. The Politburo is also seen as a dictatorial institution that allowed Lenin to extend his dictatorship. The Politburo was the leading decision-making body of the Communist Party; it increasingly took power from the Sovnakom as the key decisions were made in the Politburo. Furthermore the Politburo consisted of members chosen by the Central Committee. Volkogonov explains that there was never a debate about it power3; this he believes was achieved as State power has been handed over to the so-called Party organ which was in fact the main instrument of the Bolshevik dictatorship4. This historian is suggesting that through the Politburo the Bolsheviks were able to rule Russia in a form of dictatorship, this is because they had the means of control and could pass decrees without considering other political viewpoints. The view that Lenin was a dictator because of the way he controlled political power could be challenged some historians belief that the creation of both the Sovnakom and the Politburo was a necessary measure, imposed on Lenin due to the circumstances created by the Civil War. It seems unlikely that Lenin would have moved so quickly towards a highly centralised state had it not been for the Civil War, which created the economic chaos in which the country found it self in 1918. The nature of the Civil War meant that there was little time to carry out consultation with the Soviet and other bodies. Emergency decisions needed to be taken quickly, thus decision making become more centralised. This view is supported by the fact that, in Nizhniy-Novgorod, the local Mafia of black marketers who defied Moscow controlled everything. So it is understandable the regime should have used the party structure to gain more centralised control of government bodies and bring some sort of order to the chaos. Therefore the actions of Lenin were pragmatic responses to the problems the Civil War forced on him, and they were not dictatorial, as Lenin had no choice. Overall, the centralisation of power does not suggest that Lenin was a dictator, this is because it was a pragmatic response to the chaos created by the Civil War, and also Lenin had lost control over the Politburo due to his ill health, towards the end of his time in power the Politburo is regarded to have become increasingly dictatorial. Thus the actions taken by the Politburo were not Lenins responsibility, they were the responsibility of Bolshevik party itself. Therefore Lenin cannot be seen as a dictator. Historians have interpreted Lenin as a dictator due his use of Red Terror. It was introduced after the attempt on Lenins life on 30 August 1918. The Red Terror is seen as a dictatorial action as it was the use of force to establish more political control over the Russian society. Thus Red Terror was used against any political opposition, which seems dictatorial. Pipes who views the Red Terror, as evidence that Lenin was a dictator, believes that Red Terror was not a reluctant response to the actions of others but a prophylactic measure designed to nip in the bud any though of resistance to the dictatorship5, thus this historian supports the idea that the Red Terror was used to form a dictatorship, as it restricted political freedom in Russia. This is because the Red Terror was aimed at former officials, landlords and priests who were executed. Any opposition to the Bolshevik Party authorities was dealt with by violence. Peasants who resisted the requisitioning of their crops or who hoarded grain were often shot at. Industrial unrest was similarly crushed. Therefore the Bolshevik regime was aware of the fact that there may be some opposition to the regime from, hence the regime chose to use the Red Terror in order to deal with any possible opposition. Thus some historians see this as a dictatorial action. Volkogonov also views the Red Terror as a cling to power at any cost6. He believes that Lenin wanted to stay in power at the cost of the Russian lives that may oppose him, thus Lenin chose to end this opposition either with physical terror, shooting, or through the use of concentration camps. Another aspect of the terror, which leads many historians of accusing Lenin as a dictator is the formation of the CHEKA7. This became the state institution8 to deal with any form of opposition to the regime. Historians believe that Lenin can be seen as dictatorial as he chose to deal with the opposition by terrorist means, and that he felt no qualms in resorting to merciless terror.9 Pipes believes that Lenin is a dictator as he planned to use terror before there had been any organised opposition against him. He explains that the CHEKA, or secret police, the main agency of the Red Terror was established in December 1917, before there was any organised resistance to the new regime.10, thus this shows that the CHEKA was only used to maintain the power of the Bolshevik regime and to protect Lenins authority. This view is supported by Volkogonov who believes that in order for Lenin to protect his authority he needed only one device, merciless dictatorship11. This historian is clearly stating that Lenins use of terror was a merciless dictatorship aimed at protecting his regime from any opponents. For example in August 1918 Lenin ordered ruthless measures against rich peasants who were resisting the regime and in particular its requisitioning of food. Therefore the CHEKA can be seen by historians such as Pipes and Volkogonov as a clear evidence of the dictatorship of Lenin. This is because the CHEKA and the Red Terror helped Lenin to establish more control over opposition in Russia. However, the account of these two historians can be challenged, as Pipes is an anti-Marxist and despises Lenin, while Volkogonov is an ex-general in the Russian army and does not approve of Soviet policies, therefore both historians hold biased views and. In addition to their historical opinions there are histor ical facts suggesting their argument is wrong. The interpretation that Lenin used terror simply as a means of enforcing his policies and establishing control has been questioned by other historians who see the policy of the Red Terror as a temporary measure forced on Lenin due to the circumstances; they also believe the terror was not used entirely by Lenin, Red Terror was rather a response to terror he faced. Lavers opinion on the Red Terror is that Terror met Terror12. Here he is referring to the Civil War, in which the Whites were using terror as well. During the Civil War, Baron Wrangel, a White leader in the Crimea ordered the execution of 300 prisoners of war, while the Green leader Antonov allowed his army of peasants to bury alive captured communist. Thus this historian is suggesting that Lenin only seemed to respond to the situations he was in, and had no intention of controlling political opposition. Lenin was not the only one using terror, there were other political organisations that did use terror. Hence he was in a situation in which he had to use terror as a response. Other historians also believe that Lenin was in a threat from the first moment he come into power, thus he needed to use terror in order to protect his authority. This view is supported by Liebman, who believes that Lenins motive- to defend the soviet power against the attacks of counter revolutionaries13, led him to use terror as he was facing opposition from 1917. This is proven by the fact that the opposition to Lenin came both from within Russia and from outside Russia. On 10 November 1917 the Morning Post in London called for direct military action against the Bolsheviks, also as the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917 Kerensky and General Krasnov attempted to rally an army onto Petrograd in November 1917. This therefore shows that Lenin faced opposition and a terror threat from the first moment he came to power, thus he merely responded to this terror. Overall, Lenin used the Red Terror as a response to the terror that already existed in Russia when he had come to power. Lenin established the Red Terror after he had faced threats from both within Russia and from foreign intervention, thus Lenin cannot be seen as a dictator. This is because Lenin did not establish terror for personal interest and to control all political opposition, he established the terror in order to deal with terrorist opposition in the same way any regime would. The use of the CHEKA is also viewed by Service as a temporary measure, he believes that Lenin believed that the need for such an organisation would be only temporaryLenin did not at this stage call for a campaign of extensive mass terror14. This view is right, as Lenin saw the CHEKA as a temporary measure to protect the Bolshevik regime during its infancy to ensure its survival. Furthermore, the CHEKA was temporary, as during the Civil War the role of the CHEKA had declined. Overall, both the Red Terror and the CHEKA were a temporary response to the circumstances and a necessary body to contain the counter-revolution threat facing the Bolsheviks. Furthermore any regime that is newly established into a nation needs to protect itself from terrorist opposition. Thus Lenin cannot be seen as a dictator because he established a temporary measure as a response to the Russian circumstances. One of the reasons why Lenin is accused of being a dictator is the policy of War Communism. War Communism was a decree introduced by Lenin, it established strong centralised control over areas of production and distribution in the areas under Bolshevik control. War Communism can be seen as dictatorial policy as it reduced workers involvement in factories: Factory Committees lost the ability to manage their work places. Instead party officials took over this role which led to Bolshevik control over the economy. It also included the requisition of grain from peasants in rural areas by force; this caused unrest to increase as a result Lenin was forced to back his measures with the terror of the CHEKA. The view that War Communism is dictatorial is expressed by Volkogonov who believes that War Communism was a harsh regulation, as there was an acute food shortage in 1920 and a famine in 1921, in which 10 million Russians died. Volkogonov also believes that the dominance of the state over society which Lenin approvedensured the adoption of War Communism15. Volkogonov expresses a view in which Lenin appears to have approved of complete control over all aspect of society, and it was his attitude towards the government of Russia that led the way for War Communism. Thus Volkogonov is stating that Lenin is a dictator because of the policies that he introduced to Russia. However, knowing that Volkogonov was an ex-general in the Russian army, and had to leave due to his political views of the communist regime, his views cannot be seen as reasonable due to his biased and anti-Leninist feelings. The interpretation that War Communism was dictatorial is also questionable because, to an extent, the control of War Communism was needed, as most factory committees were not professional and experienced enough to control production for the Civil War, nor did they have the ability to organise the supplies for the cities and Red Army. It can therefore also be argued that Lenin was not a dictator, for example Hill argues, that Lenins choices to introduce War Communism were caused by temporary desperate necessities16. This suggests that Lenins actions were not of a dictatorial intention and that Lenins adaptation of War Communism was a mere response to the harsh economic problems. Although Hill is a biased historian, as he was a Marxist and sympathetic to Lenin, there were harsh conditions, due to the treaty of Brest Litovsk and the Civil War so his interpretation is still credible. The view that War Communism was not dictatorial is also supported by Laver, who believes that War Communism was the response of a regime desperate to feed the towns17. Production in Russia collapsed as the transport of goods and raw materials was totally disrupted by the Civil War; the allies blockaded communist territory, mainly Petrograd, and prevented it receiving foreign trade. This led to the population of Moscow and Petrograd being halved; of the 2.6 million workers in 1917 only 1.2 million was left working in 192018. Thus there was a need of an economy that was temporarily controlled by the state in order to ensure that cities were provided with food from the countryside and that production continued during the Civil War. Most importantly it can not be overlooked that War Communism was only a temporary measure. As soon as the Civil War come to an end War Communism was replaced by the New Economic Policy; which granted workers more than the freedom they had before the Civil War, and the peasants a freedom which they had never had. Laver, who holds a neutral view of both Lenin and communist revolution, believes that War Communism was a response to the Russian problems. He states that the policies were brought in piecemeal in response to the critical circumstances which prevailed in Russia19. Therefore this view also supports the argument that the economic problems led Lenin to adopt the policies of War Communism. Service also believes that The onset of Civil War had intervened and necessitated emergency measures that he now referred to as War Communism'20, therefore the view of Service, who is a neutral historian, supports the view of both Hill and Laver that Lenin was led to adopt the policies of War Communism due to the Civil War. Overall, Lenin cannot be easily accused of being a dictator as he adopted the policy of War Communism. This policy involved emergency measures that were imposed on Lenin as production fell and the Civil War started, Lenin had no intention of using the economy to establish personal power as he was willing to grant back political freedom as soon as the Civil War was over. The New Economic Policy (NEP) could be seen by some historians as one of the policies that proves Lenin was a dictator. They suggest that Lenin was desperate to keep power therefore he introduced NEP which only gave limited economic freedom and introduced political restraints to ensure that no power was lost. Historians such as Pipes question Lenins motives for introducing NEP, they dont believe that it was done to grant freedom but in order to maintain power. Pipes claims that NEP was a temporary measure only introduced as a period of relaxed tension so that a fresh offensive would be launched to exterminate the bourgeois for good21. Pipes view is to an extent is right, as the introduction of NEP was accompanied by strict measures of political control such as a final ban on all political parties other than the Bolsheviks. This suggests that Lenin was not willing to compromise his power, and he kept control of the commanding heights of the economy, thus had no real intention of granting the freedom that NEP seemed to promise. Pipes also suggest that for the Bolsheviks the grain monopoly was essential to the survival of communist dictatorship22, and that the Bolsheviks needed to regain the peasants loyalty in order to establish their dictatorship. However this interpretation is questionable as the Bolsheviks intended to regain the loyalty of the peasantry for a better agriculture that would help to develop a better industry. Pipes view is biased, as he holds an anti-Lenin felling. Pipes served as President Reagans national security advisor on soviet affairs during 1981-82; thus he holds a very negative opinion towards Communism and Lenin in particular. Pipes view is therefore questionable. The introducation of NEP was after War Communism, this shows that Lenin was willing to grant freedom. This, ascertains that Lenin was in fact far from being a dictator as he granted the peasantry a freedom that they never had before and he allowed the agriculture and trade to develop in private hands. Services view that NEP allowed greater legal freedom for the peasantry to trade grain than had previously been available to them23, is a more of a convincing view, as NEP allowed the peasants to trade the remainder of the grain anyway they wished. Thus the freedom that has been granted to the peasants proves that Lenin had no intention of acting as a dictator. NEP is therefore evidence that Lenin is not a dictator. It showed flexibility and the ability to compromise on ideology, which is not often related to dictators. Furthermore, NEP was able to restore confidence in Russians, workers and farmers returned to their work, which did help the economy. Overall, the NEP is another reason why Lenin cannot be seen as a dictator. This is because Lenin was able to see the errors that had been caused by War Communism and offer an alternative that did not agree with his ideology. NEP therefore proves that Lenin is far from being a dictator as it helped to improve the Russian economy and it replaced a temporary policy, which was not suitable for Russia after the Civil War. Overall, Lenin was not a dictator as he had no intention of being so, Lenin merely responded to the circumstance that faced him, although these responses may seem unsuitable Lenin did retreat from some of them, such as the move from War Communism to the New Economic Policy after the Civil War. Thus Lenin cannot be seen as a dictator. 1 R.Pipes- The Russian Revolution page 506 2 R.Pipes- The Three Whys of The Russian Revolution page 38 3 D.Volkogonov-Lenin Life and Legacy page 306 4 D.Volkogonov-Lenin Life and Legacy page 307 5 6 D.Volkogonov- Lenin Life and Legacy page 237 7 The Extra-ordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage was founded in December 1917. 8 D.Volkogonov- Lenine Life and Legacy page 236 9 R.Pipes- Three Whys Of The Russian Revolution page 41 10 R.Pipes- Three Whys Of The Russian Revolution page 41 11 D.Volkogonov- Lenin Life and Legacy page 472 12 J.Laver- Lenin Liberator or Oppressor page 62 13 M. Liebman- Leninism Under Lenin page 315 14 R.Service- Lenin a Biography page 322. 15 D.Volkogonov- Lenin Life and Legacy- page 334. 16 C.Hill- Lenin and the Russian Revolution- page 133. 17 J.Laver- Lenin Liberator or Oppressor- page70. 18 P.Oxley- Russia from Tsars to Commissars- page 128. 19 J.Laver- Lenin Liberator or Oppressor- page70. 20 R.Service- Lenin a Biography- page 430. 21 R.Pipes- The Russian Revolution- page 22 R.Pipes- The Russian Revolution- page 23 R.Service-Lenin a Biography- page

Catherine Earnshaw Essays -- essays research papers

Catherine Earnshaw   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Catherine Earnshaw is the daughter of Mr. Earnshaw and his wife; Catherine falls powerfully in love with Heathcliff, the orphan Mr. Earnshaw brings home from Liverpool. She was born at Wuthering Heights and was raised with her brother Hindley. Catherine loves Heathcliff so intensely that she claims they are the same person but does not marry him because Hindley has degraded him after their father's death so her desire for social advancement motivates her to marry Edgar Linton instead, a neighbour from Thrushcross Grange and he is handsome and rich, another reason for Catherine marrying him. She is quite passionate about Heathcliff though, and does not want to give him up. She becomes ill when Heathcliff and Edgar fight, and dies in childbirth. Catherine is free-spirited, wild, impetuous, and arrogant as a child, she grows up getting everything she wants as Nelly describes in chapter 5, ‘A wild, wicked slip she was’. She is given to fits of temper, and she is torn between her wild passion for Heathcliff and her social ambition. She brings misery to both of the men who love her, ultimately; Catherine’s selfishness ends up hurting everyone she loves, including herself. As a child Cathy was wild and headstrong and her determination enables her to get everything that she wants. Although she only loves Heathcliff, she has a choice between him and Edgar Linton, as he too loves her. She chooses Edgar because of his status, but ends u...

The Mammy

Mammies, Matriarchs and Other Controlling Images Patricia Hill Collins: Black Feminist Thought Chapter Main Concepts: – As it relates to African-American women, the intersecting oppressions of race, class, gender and sexuality could not continue without powerful ideological justifications for their existence, which is perpetuated through controlling images. – Controlling societal images is one of the many powers held by the dominant group (white males) in the U. S. to manipulate ideas about black womanhood. Through the perpetuation of these controlling images of the black woman as the mammy, matriarch, welfare queen, jezebel/hoochie and black lady, black women become objects instead of subjects ? i. e. domestic workers are often referred to as â€Å"work mules/animals† or â€Å"girl† – Like other people of color and subordinate groups, black women are seen as the â€Å"other† in our society. By not belonging, black women emphasize the signifi cance of belonging. ? Black feminist thought derives from this kind of thinking, as a means to resist these controlling images.Black women insist on the right to establish and define their own reality Controlling Images and Black Women’s Oppression – During this slavery era images of black women were socially constructed to maintain their subordination – Unlike Black women, white women were encouraged to possess four cardinal virtues: piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity ? Mammy: – Asexual, faithful, obedient domestic servant; yardstick used to measure all black women behavior – Image aims to influence maternal behavior; raises children to know place in society Matriarch: – Spends too much time out the home working; overly the aggressive; emasculates husbands and lovers; unfeminine. Unlike mammy, she is the â€Å"bad† black mother – Introduced in a government report on Black poverty in 1965 called the Negro Family: The Case for National Action (Moynihan report) ? The report blamed black mothers for their children's failures; working lead to a lack of attention and care; delinquency; Further asserts that slavery destroyed black families by reversing roles of men and women Black backlash- Diverts attention from the reality of political and economic inequalities that shape black children experiences ? Welfare Queen: – Makes use of social welfare benefits to which they are entitled by law; Lazy; fails to pass on work ethic; alone; updated version of â€Å"breeder woman† during slavery – This image provides justification for the efforts to control black women’s fertility to the needs of a changing economy ? i. e. during slavery children were valued as property the more slave children you have the more assets you have After WWII black women and their children seen as a economical liability – During the 1980s, despite Reagan and the Republicans opposition, Black women and children could not be forced to work, and Black men dropped out of legitimate labor force ? Prison Industrial Complex ? Jezebel/ Hoochie: – Represents a deviant black female sexuality; originated under slavery to justify the many assaults against slave women by white men ? These women are seen as having a strong sexual appetite which leads to an expected outcome of increased fertility Hoochie unlike the Jezebel is an image accepted by the Black community ? Three types of hoochie: plain, gold digger, hoodrat – Normal female heterosexuality is expressed in terms of true white womanhood unlike the black â€Å"hot momma† – Because of black women sexual appetite is seen as inappropriate or worst, insatiable, black women are characterized as freaks and become stigmatized in society – Black women sexuality and fertility is defined by the dominant group (white men) ? Black Lady: Combination of the mammy and matriarch – Claire Huxtable, The Cosby ShowControlling Images and Social Institutions – Schools, news media and government agencies constitute important sites for reproducing controlling images usually based on the idea of black women having some kind of deviant sexuality ? Social science research; AIDS and teen pregnancy ? Popular culture; Black hip hop music ? Accessibility to birth control measures – Controlling images are also perpetuated in Black institutions ? Family, church and civic organizations are all sites where controlling images of black women are simultaneously resisted and reproduced.Color, Hair Texture and Standards of Beauty – Despite the resistance of Black women to being objected as the â€Å"other†, controlling images still influence their lives, becoming even more visible. They impact how Black women interact with the world ? Speaking standard/proper English somehow makes you less black i. e. â€Å"I never think of you as black†; â€Å"I don’t see race whe n I’m with you† – The binary thinking between Black and white beauty: ? Thin, white, blonde hair and blue eyes are not beautiful without the â€Å"other†, full lips, broad noses, dark skin and kinky hair White skin and straight hair privileges white women by being the standard of beauty; No matter what a Black woman subjective reality is, she’ll never meet the main stream standards of beauty – All women in U. S. are objectified, and their value determined by how they look, but Black is the most â€Å"un-American† Black Women’s Reactions to Controlling Images – Historically African American literature by women writer’s usually provide a comprehensive view of Black women struggles to form positive self-definitions in face inferior images Many fictional characters of Black women have themes of pain, violence and death that make up their lives; experiences of internalized oppression ? These characters use drugs, alcoho l, excessive religion, and even retreat into madness to attempt to escape painful black female realities ? Denial is another response to controlling images; â€Å"I’m not like the rest† – Black female writer’s also document the responses of positive self-definition by Black women ? The Color Purple (the conclusion) ? Waiting to Exhale ? How Stella Got Her Groove Back

Diffrenece Between Hypothesis and Theory

TOK essay Difference between scientific law, theory and hypothesis 551 words In the world were living in nowadays people, groups or even some nations each has a different way of thinking. That’s why opinions were created and people could have different prospectives and different ideas were developed all over the past centuries. That variation of ideas, prospective and ways of thinking had lead into the creation for methods for proving something as an idea an experiment a suggestion, and others.This essay would be discussing those ways and their differences. Firstly, the first thing that leads into an opinion or way of seeing something is setting up your hypothesis, hypothesis is an educated guess based upon observation for a certain matter. It is an explanation of a single event or something based on what is observed not deeply observed but just observed, and it also has not been proved yet. Most hypotheses can be supported or disproved by experiment or a deep observation.Some examples of hypothesis are, when an apple is put in the wind and sun it will rot, this is a simple example it’s based on what’s observed as when an apple is put in the sun it would rot but no further scientific explanation is given. After a hypothesis is set based on really weak and shallow observations it must be tested for that opinion or idea to be true it must be tested and observed scientifically and not only once it must be tried and observed a number of times, that what develops a theory and obeys scientific laws, a scientific law is a statement of fact that explains a certain matter or different action or habits.It is generally accepted to be true and universal and can be proved and tested widely and sometimes they could be written as mathematical equations. Scientific laws must be simple, true and universal. Going back to a theory it is noted as more like a scientific law than a hypothesis. It is an explanation and prove for your hypothesis and sets of relate d observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times. A theory could hold on a definition as it is the way people could know this certain idea or issue is true by repeated xperiments whom tern a hypothesis into a theory or it just keeps it a hypothesis untested. Some examples of scientific laws are some physics and maths rules as Newton's laws of motion, law of gravity, the laws of thermodynamics and other physics laws whom are proved and tested that’s why they turn into a scientific law. Sometimes some laws can turn to theories as the law of gravity and gravitational forces, as it could go more general to be turned into a theory.The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic. A law runs a single action, whereas a theory explains an entire group of related matters and phenomenas. That’s what differs an experimented hypothesis whether it turns into a theory or it is more specified so it tu rns to be a law, an example of a theory is automobiles Components of it can be changed or improved upon and more things invented in it, without changing the overall truth of the theory as a whole that it is an automobile.

The Sun Also Rises essays

The Sun Also Rises essays The book is ok, there were three main characters. The main characters were Robert Cohn, Lady Brett Ashley, and Jake Barnes. The book is all right, the only reason I didn't like is because it talks about slaves and I don't like that. The story was set in Spain in the 1920's with main characters going to see a bullfight Robert Cohn is the main character. Robert is an educated Jewish American who is a writer and an ex-boxer he loved to box. The title meant a lot to him. He got a flat nose and never boxed again. He fell in love with Lady Ashley. The Lady Brett Ashley usually goes by the name Brett. The story is based around her. She loved to drink and go to the cafs in Spain. Everyone loved to drink in the book. She is French and spends her time in and out of relationships with other men, men without Jake's type of unfortunate injury. She got herself a fianc (Mike Campbell) later in the book. She loved the bullfighting and she fell in love with the bullfighter who's name was Pedro Romero. Jake Barnes is the narrator. He's smart and he was wounded in the war. Jake Barnes also loves Brett but he can never have her. His secret war wound that has left him sexually incapable. The main conflict of the story I think is about the love between Jake and Lady Ashley. She like's him in away but she has a fianc Mike Campbell and she loved him. So she goes for him. All this helped when they ended up in Pamplona and they followed the bull-running festival. They all loved to drink and go to cafs. I thought this book was ok but it had too much romance in it for me. The way the book is written makes it hard to follow the story line and understand the plot. He did a good job writing it and I would tell someone else to read it. David Blevins A4 ...

7 Best Books for a Literature Response Paper

7 Best Books for a Literature Response Paper 7 Best Books for a Literature Response Paper A literary response paper is designed to give your opinion on how a literary piece makes you feel or think. It is your opinion; however, it needs to be based on the facts. You will need to make sure that you really have some considerations about what you are writing. In order to master this essay style, you will need to choose a really good literary piece to produce a decent paper. If you get to choose the topic, which most of the time you do, then you should check out one of these books: Jonathan Franzen’s â€Å"Freedom† This story is about a love triangle between college mates. It is a great choice for a literary response paper because you can make an argument about whether the love is more important than the friendship. Which one is more significant to you and which one is more important for the book characters? F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"This Side of Paradise† This one actually works perfect for a college literary response essay. It is about a Princeton student who is very privileged. Upon his graduation, he starts to get a look for what life is really about. He has lived a sheltered life and now he has to start taking care of himself. How is the real world going to be different from the sheltered life? What happens when he finally has to start taking responsibility for his journey and his decisions? Fydor Dostoyevsky’s â€Å"Crime and Punishment† Even if you don’t choose this piece to write on, don’t miss the chance to read it. It is a well-known novel about a man who kills a pawnbroker and then works really hard to justify what he did. It is a beautiful book with so much to write about in a literary response essay. It will challenge your views on your place in society and on the laws and morality. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby† However, this may be a tad overused, we couldn’t choose the best seven books without including this one. You could write about a million of literary response essays on this novel without batting an eye. One of the strongest ideas is how Gatsby goes above and beyond building his entire life and persona for Daisy, who doesn’t seem to notice nor really care. He will never get back all of the time he wasted trying to become the person that he thought Daisy would want. We can never get back the past and life is destined to change over time. Embrace the change and learn to love it as much as you loved the things that have happened in the past. It is a brilliant read and a perfect piece for this type of paper. John Milton’s â€Å"Paradise Lost† When you are looking for a little entertainment when creating your paper, this is the ideal pick. There are many topics to discuss. Lucifer, an angel who is arrogant and fell from grace, tempted Adam and Eve into sin. Everyone knows this sequence of events. John Milton lets you take a look at Lucifer’s side of the story. There are so many issues that you can use for your argument. William Golding’s ‘Lord of the Flies† We couldn’t forget this novel. It is about a group of boys who are stuck on an uninhabited island. They have no supervision and create a small, yet divided community. The book captures the essence of being a good leader. This is one of the major themes and you can use this book to discuss whether or not leadership is important. Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† This book is about a girl who grows up learning much about life and the unkindness that comes to the weak, the young, and even to those with different color of skin. As she gets older she learns that these really don’t have anything to do with the type of person that you are. She learns that it is a man’s soul that really matters. Imagine all of the possible topics that you can discuss within this story. These seven books are perfect for this assignment. They are full of controversial thoughts that you can use to write a solid paper on. Plus, we are sure you will enjoy the reads as well.

This is the Trade Law Exercise Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

This is the Trade Law Exercise - Term Paper Example The WTO law that Newland first has to look into is based on the definition of unfair and what is considered as problematic to the company. Unfair trade is based on cartel agreements, price fixing and the abuse of a dominant position in the market. There are also specific rules that are based on dumping which Newland will need to look into. The dumping and subsidization that Newland is currently practicing doesn’t show that they are violating provisions of the WTO law and are practicing in compliance with what is expected in these terms. However, the problems with others in Richland lead to questionable actions that can be taken against Newland. Changing the operations then becomes necessary to keep offering products within Richland. Dumping and Newland Dumping is defined as bringing a product into another country at a lower value and price of the product. WTO doesn’t prohibit the practice of dumping in an organization; however, the problems with dumping becoming harmful to the domestic affairs to the community cause the WTO standards to change to ensure consistency and that specific regulation measures are taken. From this viewpoint, Newland isn’t breaking any laws, specifically in terms of dumping. They offer specific prices at a lower value to Richmond; however, this isn’t one that is considered illegal according to WTO practices. The problem that is arising is based on the domestic harm that is occurring. Richmond is now having difficulties with suppliers of the domestic product, which is causing the main conflict and has led to a loss of income and many businesses have lost their practice to Newland. The loss of business shows that there needs to be a different provision specifically for Richland because of the crisis with domestic products. While Newland technically isn’t breaking any laws with the anti-dumping measures, there are specific ways in which Richland can form against the large amount of profit that Newland is taking. The first way is through Article VI of GATT 1994. This states that if a specific company or individual files a grievance against the company, then it can be referred to in court. These specific actions against dumping may move into civil or criminal proceedings and penalty. However, since there are no other regulations with anti-dumping measures in the WTO law, this is dependent on a case by case basis. The only determinant is if the law suit is filed correctly and with the right type of grievances. However, under this same agreement, price undertakings and provisional measures are not the responsibility of WTO. The individual case that has to be created against Newland has to take calculations and measure to prove that dumping is being done, specifica lly in terms of price and the amount of products that are being sold. The calculation first implies that dumping is occurring, which compares the price to price value of Newland and other furniture manufacturers. Newland is known for carrying cheap furniture; however, the production isn’t inclusive of being outside of the price zone of other furniture zones and can’t be calculated. For Newland to be subjected to anti-dumping duties there would need to be proof that the furniture is below the regulation level for selling the furniture under priced. Determining whether the sale is in the ordinary course of

Lyndon Baines Johnson Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lyndon Baines Johnson - Thesis Example The era of 1950s marked the initiation of a decades-long war, namely the Cold War, between the capitalistic United States and the communist Soviet Union. The war was characterized by a conflict of ideologies that clashed to result in a war that was to change the world politics for quite a few decades ahead. By the time President John F. Kennedy was elected as the President, both countries, the US and the USSR had started forming blocs of their own – capitalist bloc and the communist bloc. A sort of domino effect followed where gradually but progressively, states in Eastern Europe and South East Asia overthrew their governments to replace with a communist regime. This clash between the two states, rather ideologies threatened the start of a nuclear war. After President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Lyndon Baines Johnson, also known LBJ, became the president. Following the stance over the domino theory in the South East Asian region, the US believed that communism was a nece ssary evil that would spread from one country to another much as dominos fall one by one inline. Also, the Cuban Missile Crisis had also not proved to be favorable for the Americans thereby escalating the US need to intervene in the world stage. This intervention was seen in the light of America’s involvement in the Vietnam War following its communist takeover in South Vietnam by the Viet Cong. The event has been the most important one during the term of LBJ as the president, an incident for which he will be remembered for his failure at the war.

Personnel Management Master Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personnel Management Master - Assignment Example However, this relation seems to be replaced by commercials ones in the application of flexibilities at work. Employers may resort to flexibility strategies due to a series of factors such as increasing competition, market uncertainties, technological change, government policies and labour supply factors (Blyton: 1996). Flexibility at work place is characterised by dynamism and adaptability in contrast to negative rigidity that have been the case with companies in the past. The reason why employers have been opting for flexibility at work does not favour employees in terms of bargaining for their rights in the work force. This is because, the prevailing labour market characterised by high level of unemployment put employers in the driving seat in this endeavour to decide who to hire, how and under what terms. The following are types of flexibilities used by employers:- Functional flexibility: In this type of flexibility, the organisation, segment its labour force into 'core' and 'peripheral' groups. The core work force is permanently employed and is particularly employed in the firm's continuous activities and enjoys greater and generous pay pack and career development including promotion. As a payback, they provide functional flexibilities that go beyond their job description to serve the company and accept multi-skilled roles in carrying out their assigned tasks (Bain & Gareth, p3). Numerical f Numerical flexibility: In this case, the firm strategise on the number of employees it want to employee for particular tasks and in what terms in order to maximise the output and reduce labour cost. It mainly does this by dividing the peripheral workforce into three groups; the first peripheral group may consist of firm workers who carry out routine, low-skill tasks and their employment is more susceptible to fluctuation in product demand compared to core workforce. The second peripheral workforce mainly drawn form external labour market provides specialised skills which are only required by firm on temporary basis. The third group comprises of workers located in the secondary external labour market who are mainly low-skilled and carry out poorly paid functions like cleaning or garbage collection and catering (Bain & Gareth, p2). Financial flexibility: This is where the employer engages in a performance-related pay system so as to reward employees in the core workforce who meet the targeted output. It is also used to secure long-term commitment from staff to the firm and thereby countering the problem of retention brought about by other flexibilities. Temporal flexibility: In this approach, a firm will make decision on how and when to employ temporary workforce. This is done by the firm strategising on the optimal time of the season and day when their services is needed. This involves among other thing peak times and elimination of non-productive prospective workforce like mothers and socially committed individuals. This flexibility is very important to the organisations as it is used to cover for sick leaves and maternal leaves of core and permanent employees. Locational flexibility: This is the strategic locationing of the firm operations or sourcing the service from outside its premises in order to gain the technological advantage. It also involves restructuring the whole supply chain logistics. Manufacturing firms may close some of its plants and consolidate its operation in one

Kinked Demand Curve Essay

Kinked Demand Curve Essay Critically examine the proposition that the relative stability of prices in an oligopolistic market is adequately explained by the Kinked-demand curve analysis. What other theories have been developed to explain this phenomenon? Introduction 150 Oligopolistic Market 400 It can be argued that the most important theories of the firm is the theory of oligopoly. There are few industries within the European Union and the United States of America that are imperfectly and monopolistically competitive consisting of many firms. However, the majority of existing industries are oligopolistic where very few firms operate share a large proportion of the industry (Anderton 2001). Characteristics of firms in the industry are: Significant barriers to entry restricting the entrance of new firms into the market. These barriers differ from industry to industry and are similar to those under monopoly. Interdependence between firms. Firms are mutually dependent due to the fact that each firm will have to take account of others as a result of very few firms operating in the industry. The sales of a rival firm will be affected by the decision a firm to alter specifications or prices of a product. Prices and specifications may be changed as a response by rivals. Thus, each firm is affected by the actions of rivals (Sloman and Sutcliffe 2004). Few firms must determine the supply within the industry. An example would be an industry where four firms produce 85 per cent of output even though the industry may consist of 96 smaller firms. This type of industry would still be classified as oligopolistic. Even though there are crucial features that distinguish oligopoly from other market structures, differences still exist between firms. Even though firms may be producing virtually homogenous goods, these products are still differentiated as is the case with cars and soap powders. Much of the competition between oligopolies relies on elements of a marketing mix rather than solely concentrating on price summarised as the ‘4 Ps (Anderton 2001). The ‘4 Ps refer to: †¢ Products a firms produces which appeals to customers, †¢ Price a firms will set depending on the pricing strategy implemented by the firm, †¢ Promotion such as advertising creating awareness to buyers of goods currently on sale and, †¢ The Place the good will be distributed making it easy access for customers. To reduce the uncertainty of profits firms may result to collusion enabling them to maximise profits. Formal agreements between firms involving collusion are known as cartels. Big penalties are dished out in many European and US industries due to the formation of cartels being outlawed. Kinked Demand Curve A Kinked Demand Curve theory was developed in 1939 of non-collusive oligopoly. This theory is used to explain price stability in an oligopolistic market. The model developed by Paul Sweezy, R.L. Hall and C.J. Hitch seeks to explain how prices remain stable even when there is no collusion between oligopolies. An assumption of the Kinked Demand Curve theory is that an oligopolistic firm will face two demand curves as a result of a kink. The point of the kink is the established market price within the industry. The demand curve comprises of two segments as a result of this kink. The first segment relates to the increase in price by a firm resulting in the demand curve being relatively more elastic, whereas, the second segment relates to a firm decreasing its price resulting in a less elastic curve (Webmaster 2009). The theory assumes a change in price by one firm will lead to two asymmetrical reactions. The first being when firm A reduces its price, other firms in the industry will either maintain or cut its prices due to a fear of losing customers or sales to the first firm. The firms agenda to decrease price can be further represented by Figure 1.2. At the industry price Pe, a decrease to price P2 will lead to an output from Qe to Q2 along the inelastic AR=D curve. This will leave the firm making a loss in Total Revenue (TR). The advocacy in price stability is due to the shaded blue area representing a loss in TR being greater than the shaded grey area representing a gain in TR. This is mainly down to the inelastic demand curve AR=D, where a percentage change in price leads to a relatively smaller responsive change in quantity demanded. The second being when an oligopolistic firm raises its price, its competitors will not be induced to follow suit, leaving them to gain market share. The firms agenda to increase price can be further represented by Figure 1.3 below. At the industry price Pe, an increase to price P1 will result in an output for the firm from Qe to Q1 along the elastic AR=D demand curve. Due to the shaded blue area representing a loss in TR being greater than the grey area representing a gain in TR, the firm will be trading at a loss. This again encourages price stability for goods in an oligopolistic market. This TR loss is down to a relatively elastic demand curve AR=D, where a percentage change in price leads to a greater responsive change in quantity demanded. The stability in price in an oligopoly market leads to firms trying to obtain a greater share of the market via non-price competition. Game Theory 500 Prisoners Dilemma 200 Conclusion 150 Even though it is clear the Kinked Demand Curve points out there will be price stability in an oligopolistic market, there is no mention of other factors that may fluctuate prices. The Kinked Demand Curve theory does not give any indication as to the reasons why prices are set. Factors included in the ‘4 Ps are very influential in an oligopolistic market. Oligopolists will be more inclined to pour supernormal profits into the research and development department than that belonging to a monopoly. This will be to aid the value of a product by increasing design, improving efficiency or by technological improvements. The place of the product can also have an impact on price. An airline company may have unique access to a geographical location of a country enabling the firm to operate almost as if they were a monopoly. Making the product conveniently available for consumers will give the firm strategic advantages that will not be easily copied by competitors (Daniels, Radebaugh Sullivan 2001). Anderton (2001) advocates the need for the Kinked Demand Curve to aknowledge other factors than price. The main assumption of the theory is that firms will always react to other competitors changes in price but in reality the this is not the case. REFERENCES Anderson, A (2001) Depken, Craig 2005, Microeconomics Demystified The McGraw-Hill Companies, England Daniels, Radebaugh Sullivan 2001 Sloman, J and M, Sutcliffe (2004) http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/monopoly/kinked_demand.htm http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpdc=dspk=kinked-demand+curve http://www.cs-territories.com/cyro//asa2_economics/unit4/moreonoligopoly.html Directory M Articles 2009 http://articles.directorym.com/Kinked_Demand_Theory_Of_Oligopoly_New_York_NY-r1047197-New_York_NY.html

Tibetan Meditative Transformation Essay -- Buddhism Religion Papers

Tibetan Meditative Transformation When one hears the word "Tibet," several pop-culture images come to mind; these might include the often seen "Free Tibet!" bumper sticker, the perpetual smile of the fourteenth Dalai Lama, or the mental image of orange clad monks with shaved heads, chanting in unison. American culture has embraced many aspects of Tibetan culture in a rather superficial manner, but upon further inspection, it becomes apparent that these particular aspects have been embraced because they represent what is most important to Tibetans: their seemingly endless struggle for political freedom from an oppressive Chinese rule, the religious and political role of their charismatic leader, Tenzin Gyatso, and the role of religion in everyday life. One particular Tibetan practice which Americans seem to have latched onto is the idea of meditation. Many Westerners see it as a way to improve their lives; and yet meditation, while helpful, may not be all that unique in terms of its effects on occasional practitioners . Meditation is an essential part of Buddhism, the religion which pervades every aspect of the traditional Tibetan life; it was in part this central, unifying ideology that allowed the Tibetans to be almost completely self-contained, with little or no contact to the outside world, for most of their history prior to the twentieth century. The Dalai Lama and other religious figures lead the country; Buddhism is an inseparable part of Tibetan culture, to the extent that traditional Tibetans sometimes find themselves unable to relate to outsiders, and for this reason strove in the past to sustain themselves without trade or contact with other cultures. Prior to Chinese occupation, an extremely large percent of the ... ... Rehabilitation, 12, 117-125. Piburn, S. (1993). The Dalai Lama, a policy of kindness: An anthology of writings by and about the Dalai Lama. Ithaca, NY, USA: Snow Lion Publications. Stoyva, J., & Anderson, C. (1982). A coping-rest model of relaxation and stress management. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 745-763). London: Collier Macmillan Publishers. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623. West, M. A. (1987). Traditional and psychological perspectives on meditation. In M. West (Ed.), The psychology of meditation (pp. 5-22). New York: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press. Tibetan Meditative Transformation Essay -- Buddhism Religion Papers Tibetan Meditative Transformation When one hears the word "Tibet," several pop-culture images come to mind; these might include the often seen "Free Tibet!" bumper sticker, the perpetual smile of the fourteenth Dalai Lama, or the mental image of orange clad monks with shaved heads, chanting in unison. American culture has embraced many aspects of Tibetan culture in a rather superficial manner, but upon further inspection, it becomes apparent that these particular aspects have been embraced because they represent what is most important to Tibetans: their seemingly endless struggle for political freedom from an oppressive Chinese rule, the religious and political role of their charismatic leader, Tenzin Gyatso, and the role of religion in everyday life. One particular Tibetan practice which Americans seem to have latched onto is the idea of meditation. Many Westerners see it as a way to improve their lives; and yet meditation, while helpful, may not be all that unique in terms of its effects on occasional practitioners . Meditation is an essential part of Buddhism, the religion which pervades every aspect of the traditional Tibetan life; it was in part this central, unifying ideology that allowed the Tibetans to be almost completely self-contained, with little or no contact to the outside world, for most of their history prior to the twentieth century. The Dalai Lama and other religious figures lead the country; Buddhism is an inseparable part of Tibetan culture, to the extent that traditional Tibetans sometimes find themselves unable to relate to outsiders, and for this reason strove in the past to sustain themselves without trade or contact with other cultures. Prior to Chinese occupation, an extremely large percent of the ... ... Rehabilitation, 12, 117-125. Piburn, S. (1993). The Dalai Lama, a policy of kindness: An anthology of writings by and about the Dalai Lama. Ithaca, NY, USA: Snow Lion Publications. Stoyva, J., & Anderson, C. (1982). A coping-rest model of relaxation and stress management. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 745-763). London: Collier Macmillan Publishers. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623. West, M. A. (1987). Traditional and psychological perspectives on meditation. In M. West (Ed.), The psychology of meditation (pp. 5-22). New York: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.

Athens in the Time of Pericles †Religion Death and Burial Essay

Pericles lived from 495-429 BC. During this time, religion was inextricably linked with Athenian society. It contributed to a lot of Athenian culture and the many aspects of religion were depicted through buildings, artworks, festivals and every day rituals. Gods and Goddesses In Greek mythology there were 12 main gods, that were prayed to and worshipped by the Athenians. It was said they lived on top of Mount Olympus. They resembled human form and through their stories of love, war and passion they were also viewed to have human feelings. The Greeks believed that the gods were immortal. The gods were associated with three main domains, Heaven, sea and earth. The 12 gods were: God/Goddess name Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Demeter Hephaestus Hera (Queen of heaven and wife of Zeus) Hermes (Messenger of the Gods) Hestia Poseidon Zeus (Lord of the Gods, Spiritual father of the Gods and the people) Heaven Heaven Heaven Heaven Earth Heaven Heaven Heaven Heaven Sea Heaven Domain Specialty Love, romance and beauty Sun, light, medicine, poetry and music War Hunting, the forest, wildlife, childbirth and the moon Agriculture Fire Marriage and magic Business Home and Homelife The sea, horses and earthquakes The sky. Dio Crysostomos (97 A.D) declared the image of Zeus so powerful that, â€Å"If a man, with a heavy heart from grief and sorrow in life, will stand in front of the statue, he will forget all these.† Athena (Patron goddess of Athens and daughter of Zeus) Heaven War, wisdom and crafts. Evidence of Athena being the patron goddess is the Athenian silver tetradrachm from 454-404 BC. Like on the coin, she’s generally depicted wearing a helmet and shown with an owl or olive tree as they were sacred to her. According to mythology, she gifted the olive tree to the city of Athens. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 6:12:56 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time Attica. Athens, c. 454-404 BC. Silver â€Å"old-style† tetradrachm. Head of Athena right, wearing crested helmet ornamented with olive leaves / Owl standing right, olive sprig and crescent moon behind. Apart from the main 12 gods and goddesses there were many others that were just as popular and worshipped just as much, for example, Dionysus. There is much evidence of the belief in these gods such as paintings, artworks and inscriptions, for example, a vase that has been dated back to 470-460 BC which depicts Zeus. Amphora, 470-460 B.C. This vase depicts Zeus aiming a lightening bolt at a giant with an eagle perched on his hand. Beliefs, practices and organisations Religion was a fundamental aspect of Greek life and the Athenian people incorporated it into their everyday lives as they believed their lives were dependent on the gods. It was believed that gods could interfere in the lives of men, so prayer was used by the people, so the gods would take favour and act kindly towards them. Xenophon said â€Å"The gods know everything and they give forewarnings to anyone they choose through sacriï ¬ ces, omens, voices and dreams.† The Athenians used sacriï ¬ ces, temples and prayers to honor particular gods and goddesses. They believed in the three ‘Fates,’ Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. Clotho was the youngest, she spun the thread of destiny with a distaff and determined the time of birth of an individual. Lachesis measured the thread length to determine the length of life and Atropos cut the thread of life, determining the time of death. Worship of the gods consisted of rituals and ceremonies. The relationship between human beings and deities was based on the concept of exchange; Gods and goddesses were expected to answer prayers and humans were expected to give gifts and sacriï ¬ ces. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 6:12:56 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time Evidence of the sacriï ¬ ces made by the Athenians came from Lysias (around 400 BC) who stated, â€Å"By performing the proper sacriï ¬ ces, our ancestors left our city the most powerful and prosperous in Greece. It is therefore right that we offer the same sacriï ¬ ces as they did, if only for the sake of the good fortune which has resulted.† Sacriï ¬ ces were the central ritual act performed by Athenians. Animals sacriï ¬ ced had to be willing, therefore they would sprinkle water on it so it’ll lift it’s head and ‘nod’. The richer families gave a blood sacriï ¬ ce almost everyday, however the poor couldn’t afford it. Treasuries were built at Olympia and Delphi to store generous offerings. Evidence of this is part of a female face with inlaid eyes which has been dated back to 4th cent. BC. Ancient Greek Votive offering, 4th cent. BC, set in a niche of a pillar in the sanctuary of Asclepios in Athens Athenian religion was characterised by a diversity of cults. People joined cults because they wanted a closer connection with one particular god. Although everyone believed and worshipped all 12 Olympian gods there were cults to speciï ¬ c gods, especially those not apart of the Pantheon. Evidence of the cults was the Votive plaque which dates back to the mid-4th Century BC and depicts elements of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which was a cult which celebrated Demeter and Persephone. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 6:12:56 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time Votive plaque, discovered in the sanctuary at Eleusis (mid-4th century BC) Private worship included family prayers and wine offerings. In the home, there were household shrines and many people offered daily libations to different gods. Private rituals included prayers, meals and storytelling. This god would be chosen depending on the families needs and lifestyle. E.g. Demeter, if they were a agricultural/farming family. They would pay this god special honor but made sure they didn’t exclude any of the others. Worship of the gods also took place publicly. Public meetings opened with recognition of the gods, festivals were dedicated to the gods as were temples, statues and artworks and many sacriï ¬ ces made to the gods were a public event. Mockery of the gods wasn’t regarded as blasphemy and was accepted in athenian life. Evidence of this is Aristophanes play, The Frogs, which depicts Dionysus as cowardly, gluttonous and morally depraved, was acted at Athens at the Lenaean festival (B.C. 405). Temples and Sanctuaries The Acropolis is the oldest part of Athens, it’s the sacred hill and during the reign of Pericles it became the place of the most famous Athenian temples, shrines and statues dedicated to the Gods. Pericles’ building program further evidences the Athenian’s devotion to the gods in all aspects of daily life. Pericles built many temples in honour of the various gods and goddesses, particularly to Athena, to thank her for Athens’ success in the Persian wars. The Parthenon was a temple built on the Acropolis in 448-432 BC. It was built in dedication to Athena for the salvation of Athens and Greece in the Persian wars. It was also used as a treasury. A statue of Athena was built, by Phidias, inside which stood 10 meters tall, made of ivory and gold. A big part of the Parthenon is the Panathenaic Frieze, which was made to depict the Panathenaic festival. Metopes were sculpted into the Parthenon. On the east side the struggle between the gods and the giants was depicted, on the west side was an Amazonomachy, on the south side the battle between the lapiths and the centaurs was shown and depicted on the north side was the Trojan War. There were also many pedimental sculptures which depicted images such as the contest between Poseidon and Athena. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 6:12:56 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time South Metope 31, Lapith and Centaur, 447-432 B.C. The Erechtheum is a temple on the northern side of the Acropolis and was dedicated to Athena and Poseidon. It was built between 421 and 407 BC and was designed to accommodate the Plynteria and the Panathenaia. Within the temple lived the sacred snake, which represented a spirit who was thought to keep the city safe. The snake was fed honey-cakes by the priestesses of Athena Polias. The snake’s occasional refusal to eat the cakes was seen as a bad omen. Festivals The Panathenaia is a festival held annually and is the most important as it was dedicated to Athena. It’s held on the 28th day of Hekatombaion which is believed to be Athena’s birthday. Every four years the festival would be extended with many games and a contests being held, this was known as the Greater Panathenaia, whilst the festival held every other year was known as the lesser Panathenaia. The festival holds great religious signiï ¬ cance however it was used to implement the power and political supremacy of Athens. A large part was the Panathenaic games included solo and group contests. The games began with individual activities such as wrestling, horse drawn chariot races and the pentathlon. The individual contests were open for all greek citizens however the group contests were reserved for Athenian citizens. The group contests consisted of a beauty contest between athletes, military dances and a mock combat. Participants from all over Greece were also invited to participate in musical and poetry competitions. A torch race took place in the evening and was then followed by a night of dancing and singing. Evidence of these competitions was the Panathenaic amphoras, which were given to the winners of competitions as a prize. Panathenaic Amphora, depicting foot races at the games, 530 B.C. Tara Heaslip Wednesday, 19 June 2013 6:12:56 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time Amphora, depicting a musician performing with a music instrument used in festivals, 490 B.C. The next day held one of the most important aspects of the festival which was the Panathenaic procession. During this procession a peplos was given as a gift to Athena. A new one was woven and decorated for her every year. It was an honor to be chosen as one of the Ergastinai to make the peplos. Many offerings were brought on to the life size statue of Athena at the end of the procession. Only citizens were allowed to the Acropolis, everyone else remained at the gateway. The Hecatomb was made at the Acropolis. Upon the altar of Athena meat from sacriï ¬ ced animals such as cows and sheep was used in a ritual meal to end the festival, however only certain people were invited to this. Evidence of the Panathenaia and the procession is the Parthenon frieze depicts many aspects of the festival such as the procession and the games.

Computing and Ieee-754 Floating-point

1. Name the three ways in which signed integers can be represented in digital computers  and explain the differences. 2. Which one of the three integer representations is used most often by digital computer  systems? 3. How are complement systems like the odometer on a bicycle? 4. Do you think that double-dabble is an easier method than the other binary-to-decimal  conversion methods explained in this chapter? Why? 5. With reference to the previous question, what are the drawbacks of the other two  conversion methods? . What is overflow and how can it be detected? How does overflow in unsigned numbers  differ from overflow in signed numbers? 7. If a computer is capable only of manipulating and storing integers, what difficulties  present themselves? How are these difficulties overcome? 8. What are the three component parts of a floating-point number? 9. What is a biased exponent, and what efficiencies can it provide? 10. What is normalization and why is it necessary? 11.W hy is there always some degree of error in floating-point arithmetic when performed  by a binary digital computer? 12. How many bits long is a double-precision number under the IEEE-754 floating-point  standard? 13. What is EBCDIC, and how is it related to BCD? 14. What is ASCII and how did it originate? 15. How many bits does a Unicode character require? 16. Why was Unicode created? 17. Why is non-return-to-zero coding avoided as a method for writing data to a magnetic  disk? 18.Why is Manchester coding not a good choice for writing data to a magnetic disk? 19. Explain how run-length-limited encoding works. 20. How do cyclic redundancy checks work? 21. What is systematic error detection? 22. What is a Hamming code? 23. What is meant by Hamming distance and why is it important? What is meant by minimum  Hamming distance? 24. How is the number of redundant bits necessary for code related to the number of data  bits? 25. What is a burst error? 26. Name an error detection met hod that can compensate for burst errors.